Juuhuleda Lahtatu
Cases in Laitan.
Introduction / Sissejuhtu
There exists sixteen cases in Laitan. They are all formed by way of an affix added to the end of any noun. The cases are: Nominative/Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Instrumental, Illative, Inessive, Elative, Allative, Adessive, Subessive, Ablative, Translative, Terminative, Abessive, Comitative and Comparitive. All of these cases will be covered on this page. Each case has two different suffixes, one for singularity and one for plurality.
Nominative / Noomitiivi
This is the main case you use with both the subject of a sentence and the object (this case is the same as Accusative / Akkusatiivi and the two are regarded as a single case). Due to this case not having any special function, there is no specific affix or ending for nouns in this case in singular form. Nominative nouns always preceed the verb and Accusative always preceed it.
This case however, does have an affix for plural form. observe below.
Affix: - (sg) ; -da (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintüdä (bird.pl)
Ussa (worm.sg) becomes Ussada (worm.pl)
Genitive / Kenitiivi
The Genitive case is used in two ways. The first to show posession, and the second to show association. When using posession, the posessor is in genitive case and a space is placed between the posessor and the posessed. However, when using it for association, no space is added.
Affix: -n or -ni (sg) ; -dan or -dani (pl)
Liintün (bird.sg.gen) becomes Liintüdän (bird.pl.gen)
Ussan (worm.sg.gen) becomes Ussadan (worm.pl.gen)
Liintü+n+luu (bird.sg+gen+bone.sg) makes Liintünluu ((a) bird bone)
Liintü+ni + luu (bird.sg+gen + bone.sg) makes Liintüni luu ((the) birds bone)
Dative / Kuksatanjuuhule
The Dative case shows an indirect object. In English we say someone is doing something to someone else. This is the Dative case's purpose.
Affix: -ta (sg) ; -taan (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintütä (bird.dat.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussataan (worm.dat.pl)
Mä lukkikin kiira näänetä - I read the book to the woman.
Instrumental / Miitunjuuhule
This case is used to show a means of doing something. You can use it for situations like transport, tools, utensils or languages.
Affix: -tu (sg) ; -tuda (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintütü (bird.ins.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussatuda (worm.ins.pl)
Mä lukkikin kiira enkilisekiiletu - I read the book in/using English.
Illative / Kuusijanjuuhule
This case is used to show motion towards something. NOTE: This case cannot be used with past tense, please use Terminative Case instead.
Affix: -ja (sg) ; -jaada (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintüjä (bird.ill.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussajaada (worm.ill.pl)
Mä jüütähän saarija - I want to swim to the island.
Inessive / Kuusisaanjuuhule
This case is used to show an object being inside something or in a place.
Affix: -saa (sg) ; -sada (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintüsää (bird.iss.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussasada (worm.iss.pl)
Mä jüütähän miresaa - I want to swim in the sea.
Elative / Kuusistanjuuhule
This case is used to show motion away from something.
Affix: -sta (sg) ; -tasida (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintüstä (bird.ela.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussatasida (worm.ela.pl)
Mä jüün saaritasida - I'm swimming from the islands.
Allative / Kuusikaanjuuhule
This case is used to show motion onto something. This case is rarely used these days and is being taken over by the Adessive Case.
Affix: -kaa (sg) ; -kaada (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintükää (bird.all.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussakaada (worm.all.pl)
Liintü lendakahta loolekaa - The bird flew onto the table.
Adessive / Miikunjuuhule
This case is used to show a position of a object on or on top of something. There is two sets of affixes for this one. The first of which is slowly dying out of common use and the latter is becoming more widespread.
Affix: -ku (sg) ; -kuda (pl)
Affix: -lii (sg) ; -liida (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintükü (bird.ads.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussakuda (worm.ads.pl)
or
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintülii (bird.ads.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussaliida (worm.ads.pl)
Kiira ehta looleku - The book is on the table.
Kiira ehta loolelii - The book is on the table.
Subessive / Miitsunjuuhule
This case is used to show a position of a object under or below something.
Affix: -vu (sg) ; -vuda (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintüvü (bird.sub.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussavuda (worm.sub.pl)
Köörä ehta loolevu - The dog is under the table.
Ablative / Kuusikiitanjuuhule
This case is used to show motion from on top of something. This case is rarely used these days and is being taken over by the Elative Case.
Affix: -kiita (sg) ; -kiida (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintükiitä (bird.abl.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussakiida (worm.abl.pl)
Liintü lendakahta loolekiita - The bird flew from (on) the table.
Translative / Miiksiinjuuhule
This case is used to show transformation or change into something. It is most commonly used with the word To become / Saama.
Affix: -ksii (sg) ; -ksiida (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintüksii (bird.trn.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussaksiida (worm.trn.pl)
Veekä ussa saakahta vägäsuure käärimäksii! - The little worm turned into a giant snake!
Terminative / Kuusiniinjuuhule
This case is used to show motion up to a point or an action up until something else. This case is also used in place of the Illative Case when the sentence is in the Past Tense.
Affix: -nii (sg) ; -nidaa (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintünii (bird.trm.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussaniida (worm.trm.pl)
Mä rääkittön äänu satanii lahtatu - I can only count up to one hundred in Laitan.
Abessive / Kasamiikkanjuuhule
This case is used to express a lack of an item. In English we use without to show this.
Affix: -kka (sg) ; -kkada (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintükkä (bird.abs.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussakkada (worm.abs.pl)
Mä jüükin merisaa riidekkada - I swam in the sea without clothes (naked).
Comitative / Kasamiivaanjuuhule
This case is used to express something done along with something or someone. This is doing an action with something else, NOT using an object (that would be the Instrumental Case), careful not to confuse.
Affix: -vaa (sg) ; -vada (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintüvää (bird.cmt.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussavada (worm.cmt.pl)
Mä jüükin merisaa riidekka sänäätivää - I swam in the sea naked with your mum.
Comparitive / Miipaanjuuhule
This case is used to express being like something.
Affix: -paa (sg) ; -padda (pl)
Liintü (bird.sg) becomes Liintüpää (bird.cmp.pl)
Ussada (worm.pl) becomes Ussapadda (worm.cmp.pl)
Mä jüükin merisaa riidekka kallapaa - I swam in the sea naked like a fish.